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14 t$="true ":
12 o$="true ":
8 o$="false":
6 t$="false":
6 e$="not correct":
4 t$="true "
4 o$="true "
4
3 e$="correct ":
2 s$="true "
2 s$="false"
2 r$="not correct"
2 r$="correct "
2 f$="true "
2 b$=" "
2 Second statement
2 Question ";n''"
2 Is the second statement true?
2 Is the 2nd statement a correct explanation of the 1st?
2 First Statement"
2 ;"Type y or n. "
2 ;"Type e for explanation/comment otherwise press the ENTER key."
2 ;"Type 1, 2 or 3."
2 ;"Press the ENTER key to continue."
2 ;"Is the first statement true?"
2 ;"1. A revision tutorial"''" 2. A simple test"''" 3. A copy of the questions"'" on your printer?";
2 ;" Educational Software "
2 ;"
2 ;"
2 )+("Well done."
2 )+("Very good."
2 )+("Good."
2 ("Excellent."
2 '"You correctly answered ";s;" out"'"of 10 questions."''
2 "correct "
2 "Your very low score indicates a poor understanding of this topic"
2 "You need to spend more time on this topic."
2 "You need to read through your notes and text-book again,"'"and then re-run this program."
2 "Well done."
2 "Well done, you were right.":
2 "No, You were wrong.":
2 "Good, you were right."''l$
2 "Do you want:";
2 "Do you want to run the program again?"
2 "Do you want to go through the questions in which you made"'"mistakes?"
2 "Both statements are true, and the 2nd is a correct explanationof the 1st."'l$'
2 " The second statement was ";t$;" ":
2 " The first statement was ";o$;" ":
2 is not the reason why
2 f$="false"
2 The fact that
2 Please type y
2 J J WARREN 1982
2 1982 J J Warren BSc ARCS Cert Ed "
2 S
1 of the hydrogens of an acid arereplaced by metal ions."''"Potassium hydrogensulphate is"'"an
1 in the series from solutions of their salts."''"
1 greater than
1 gain electrons
1 chem4
1 chem3
1 carbon dioxide
1 Zinc
1 Sodium
1 Silver
1 Reduction is the loss of oxygen
1 Reduction is the gain of"'"electrons.
1 Potassium
1 Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.
1 Oxidation is electron loss.
1 Magnesium
1 Lithium
1 Lead
1 Iron
1 H O (aq)+Cl (aq) 2 3"'''" +"'"H O is the hydrated hydrogen 3 ion. It is called the
1 For example:
1 For example
1 Created with Ramsoft MakeTZX
1 Copper
1 Calcium
1 An acid is a proton (hydrogen"'"ion) donor
1 Aluminium
1 Acid + Base
1 ;"Acids, Bases and Salts."
1 ;"- 2-"'" O + 4e
1 ;"- -"'" Cl + 2e
1 ;" Redox, Electrolysis and the"'" Activity series."
1 ."'''"The products of the reaction arecopper sulphate(blue) and water."'''"H SO + CuO
1 ."''"For example, if the acid is"'"hydrochloric acid, then:"''"Na CO + 2HCl
1 . The partial ionic equation is:"''" 2- 2- + -"'"SO + H O
1 , when"'"potassium is burnt in oxygen, the oxygen gains electrons and is therefore reduced."'
1 , and so must contain hydrogen."''"When an acid reacts with a base the hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions (or other cations such as the ammonium ion) to"'"give a salt.":
1 )to ethane (CH
1 ) is classifiedas reduction":
1 ''''" Redox, Electrolysis and the"'" Activity Series."''"________________________________"''''
1 ''''" Acids, Bases and Salts."''"________________________________"''''
1 '" H O + SO
1 '" - -"'" 2Br
1 '" - -"'" I + 2e
1 "pH 7 corresponds to a neutral solution."''"Acids in aqueous solution give apH of
1 "Zinc metal will displace copper from copper sulphate solution":
1 "Zinc is the more reactive metal,and is oxidised to give"'"zinc (II) ions."''" 2+ -"'" Zn
1 "Zinc is below copper in the"'"activity series":
1 "Your answer was wrong."
1 "You were wrong."
1 "You were wrong. "''l$
1 "You cannot give a reason for a definition or commonly accepted term."''"Scientists have simply agreed to use the term in that way so that they can understand each other.":
1 "When zinc reacts with iodine to form zinc iodide,"''"The zinc is
1 "When zinc reacts with iodine to form zinc iodide, the iodine is oxidised":
1 "When the two colourless"'"solutions are mixed, bright"'"yellow crystals of lead iodide are formed."''"Pb(NO ) + 2KI
1 "When molten lead bromide is"'"electrolysed, a brown vapour"'"comes off from the cathode":
1 "When copper sulphate solution iselectrolysed using graphite"'"electrodes, hydroxide ions are discharged at the anode":
1 "When copper (II) oxide is heatedin a stream of hydrogen, copper metal is formed":
1 "When ammonia gas is dissolved inwater it forms an alkaline"'"solution":
1 "Well done, you were right."
1 "Unfortunately you were wrong."''l$
1 "This is the modern definition ofreduction.
1 "This is sometimes used as the"'"definition of an acid."''"
1 "There is no direct connection between solubility and the"'"strength of an acid."''"Sulphur dioxide is very soluble in water. Sulphurous acid is"'"formed, but this is a rather"'"weak acid.":
1 "The solution of hydrogen"'"chloride in water is more fully"'"represented by:"'''," + -"'"HCl(g)+H O(l)
1 "The overall equation for the"'"reaction is:"''" Zn + I
1 "The metals which are readily"'"oxidised (have good reducing"'"properties) are placed at the top of the activity series."''"This is simply the way in which chemists have agreed to arrange the activity series.":
1 "The majority of acids do containoxygen, e.g."''" HNO H CO H SO"'" 3 2 3 2 4"''"A few acids do not contain"'"oxygen. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, is one example.":
1 "The hydrogen ions (protons) are bonded to water molecules"'"forming
1 "The conversion of sulphite ions to sulphate ions is neither"'"oxidation nor reduction":
1 "The conversion of sulphite ions to sulphate ions is
1 "The colourless gas is carbon dioxide."''"
1 "The colourless gas formed when acids react with sodium"'"carbonate is
1 "The colour of solutions of metalsulphates depends on the colour of the metal ion, as the"'"sulphate ion is colourless."''"The majority of common metal"'"ions are colourless in solution.Exceptions include:"''" Copper (2+) Blue"'" Iron (2+) Pale green"'" Iron (3+) Brownish-yellow":
1 "The charge on the sulphite ion is the same as the charge on thesulphate ion":
1 "The change from molecular iodineto iodide ions involves the gainof electrons":
1 "The change from ethene (CH
1 "The black copper oxide is"'"reduced to a reddish-brown"'"powder. This is a very fine formof copper metal."''"The hydrogen is oxidised to"'"water."''" CuO + H
1 "The anions present are hydroxideions (from the ionisation of"'"water) and sulphate ions."'"The hydroxide ions are"'"discharged to give oxygen gas:"''" - -"'"4OH
1 "The activity series is based on the relative reactivities of themetals."''"One of the reasons for zinc"'"being above copper in the"'"activity series is the fact thatzinc will displace copper from aqueous solutions of its salts.":
1 "Sulphur dioxide is an acidic"'"oxide."''"It dissolves in water to give sulphurous acid."'''"
1 "Sulphur dioxide dissolves in"'"water to form sulphurous acid":
1 "Silver metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate hydrogen gas":
1 "Silver is too unreactive a metalto liberate hydrogen gas from acids."''"It will dissolve in oxidising acids, e.g. in nitric acid, but no hydrogen is formed.":
1 "Silver is above hydrogen in the activity (electrochemical)"'"series":
1 "Reduction is the process by"'"which atoms, molecules or ions gain electrons":
1 "Reduction can be defined as a process involving the addition of hydrogen to a substance":
1 "Potassium hydrogensulphate is a normal salt":
1 "Potassium hydrogensulphate is formed when equal numbers of"'"moles of potassium hydroxide andsulphuric acid are mixed":
1 "Positively charged ions(cations)are attracted to the cathode."''"They gain electrons from the"'"cathode, and so are reduced."''"For example, lead ions gain"'"electrons to form lead atoms."''" 2+ -"'" Pb + 2e
1 "Oxidation is the process by"'"which atoms, molecules or ions
1 "Other definitions include:"''"
1 "Metals high in the activity"'"series have good reducing"'"properties":
1 "Metal sulphates always give"'"colourless aqueous solutions":
1 "Many acids are formed when non- metal oxides are dissolved in water."'"E.g., sulphur trioxide dissolves to give sulphuric acid:"''" H O + SO
1 "Lime-water is a saturated"'"solution of calcium hydroxide."''"This reacts with carbon dioxide to give calcium carbonate."''"Ca(OH) + CO
1 "Lead iodide is quite soluble in hot water":
1 "Lead iodide is almost insoluble in cold water, but does dissolvein hot water to give a"'"colourless solution."''"When this solution is cooled, the lead iodide crystallises outas glittering yellow crystals.":
1 "Lead iodide can be prepared by mixing cold solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide":
1 "Lead iodide can be prepared by mixing cold solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide because it is insoluble in cold water, and not because it is"'"soluble in hot water.":
1 "Hydroxide ions have a single"'"negative charge, whereas"'"sulphate ions have a double"'"negative charge":
1 "Hydrogen chloride is very"'"soluble in water."''"When it dissolves the molecules split up to form ions. The ions are hydrated.":
1 "Hydrochloric acid is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gasin water":
1 "Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid":
1 "H SO + KOH
1 "Good, your answer was correct."
1 "Ethanoic acid dissolves in waterto give a solution of pH 7":
1 "Ethanoic (acetic) acid in"'"aqueous solution is a weak acid":
1 "Elemental chlorine oxidises"'"iron (II) ions":
1 "During electrolysis reduction takes place at the cathode":
1 "CuO + H
1 "Copper (II) oxide is a reducing agent":
1 "Chlorine molecules can take"'"electrons from iron (II) ions":
1 "Carbon dioxide turns lime-water milky":
1 "Carbon dioxide is classified as an acidic oxide":
1 "Carbon dioxide is classified as an acidic oxide because it will react with and neutralise bases."''"The reaction with lime-water is just one example of this"'"behaviour."''"Note that other acidic oxides may react with lime-water, but they do not turn it milky." :
1 "Carbon dioxide dissolves in"'"water giving carbonic acid:"''" H O + CO
1 "Bromine is formed at the
1 "Both ions have a double negativecharge:"'''" 2-"," 2-"'" SO","SO"'" 3"," 4"''"sulphite sulphate":
1 "Black copper oxide does dissolvein dilute sulphuric acid, but"'"the solution formed is
1 "Black copper oxide dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form a colourless solution":
1 "Ammonia reacts with water to"'"form hydroxide ions":
1 "Ammonia is a
1 "Ammonia acts as a base by"'"accepting a hydrogen ion from a water molecule."''"This yields ammonium and"'"hydroxide ions:"''," + -"'"NH + H O
1 "Although the hydroxide ion has avery much lower concentration than the sulphate ion in copper sulphate solution, The hydroxideions are selectively discharged."''"However, there are examples in which ions with higher charges are discharged in preference to ions with a lower charge."''"There is no simple reason why some ions are discharged in"'"preference to others.":
1 "All acids may be formed by"'"dissolving non-metal oxides in water":
1 "All acids contain oxygen":
1 "Addition of hydrogen has taken place, therefore the change is reduction."''"CH =CH + H
1 "Acids react with sodium"'"carbonate giving a colourless"'"gas":
1 "Acids contain hydrogen which maybe replaced by a metal":
1 "A weak acid is one which is only
1 "A strong acid is highly ionised,and so gives a high"'"concentration of hydrogen ions."''"Hydrochloric acid consists of hydrogen ions and chloride ions in aqueous solution."'',"+ -"'" HCl
1 "A solution of sulphur dioxide in water turns red litmus blue":
1 "A reducing agent gives electronsto the substance which is being reduced."''"Metals high in the activity"'"series, such as potassium,"'"readily give up electrons, and"'"form positive ions."''"They therefore act as reducing agents, and are themselves"'"oxidised."'" + -"'"e.g. K
1 "''"This reaction is characteristic of acids.":
1 "''"These electrons are taken from iron (II) ions."''"The chlorine molecules are"'"reduced to chloride ions.":
1 "''" 2+ 2+"'"Zn(s)+ Cu (aq)
1 "''"
1 " -"," 2-"'" OH","SO"'," 4"''"Hydroxide Sulphate"' " ion ion":
1 to water."''"The copper (II) oxide has acted as an
1 to iodideions.":
1 to copper metal, and the hydrogen is
1 salt."'''" H SO KHSO K SO"'" 2 4 4 2 4"''"
1 salt is formed when
1 reactivity.
1 order of decreasing
1 lists the metals in
1 ions:"''''"
1 ionised."''"In water, most of the ethanoic acid is present as molecules."'"Only a small proportion is"'"ionised."''," - +"'" CH CO H
1 in the activity"'"series can displace metals
1 hydrogen in the
1 hydrogen from acids.
1 gives "''"Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
1 from the zinc"'"atoms, and are
1 electrons."''"When an iron (II) ion loses one electron, an iron (III) ion is formed."''" 2+ 3+ -"'" Fe
1 copper in the"'"activity series."''"
1 are both below
1 and so gives asolution with a pH
1 agent in this reaction":
1 activity series.
1 Zn (aq)+ Cu(s)":
1 The activity series
1 Potassium "'" Sodium "'" Lithium "'" Calcium "'" Magnesium "'" Aluminium "'"
1 Neither can liberate
1 Copper and silver
1 CaCO + H O 2 2 3 2"''"The calcium carbonate formed is insoluble in water, and forms a milky-white suspension.":
1 CH CH"'" 2 2 2 3 3"''"The reaction takes place when ethene gas and hydrogen are"'"passed over a heated nickel"'"catalyst.":
1 Acids turn blue litmus red.
1 Acid + Metal Carbonate
1 7."''''"The pH of dilute ethanoic acid solution is about 3."''"(The exact value depends upon the concentration).":
1 7."''"Ammonia solution turns red"'"litmus blue, thus showing that the solution is alkaline.":
1 2NaCl + CO + H O
1 + The oxygen atom of ^ the water molecule H-O uses a lone pair of | electrons to form a H dative bond to the hydrogen ion.":
1 (loses"'"electrons)"'" 2+ -"'" Zn
1 (gains"'"electrons)"'" - -"'" I + 2e
1 when molten lead bromide is"'"electrolysed. The bromine can beseen as a brown vapour."''"The molten electrolyte contains lead ions and bromide ions."''"The anions (negative bromide"'"ions) are attracted to the anodeand lose electrons. They undergoelectrolytic oxidation."
1 ZnI"'" 2 2"''"Zinc iodide is an ionic"'"compound.":
1 Zn + 2e"''"The iodine is
1 Zn + 2e"''"The electrons from the zinc"'"reduce the copper (II) ions to copper metal."''" 2+ -"'" Cu + 2e
1 Salt + Water
1 SO +2H + 2e"'" 3 2 4"''"The sulphite ions give up"'"electrons and gain oxygen."''"
1 PbI + 2KNO 3 2 2 3"''"The precipitated lead iodide canbe separated from the potassium nitrate solution by filtration.":
1 O + 2H O + 4e"'" 2 2"''"Some carbon dioxide is formed due to oxidation of the graphiteanode by the oxygen.":
1 Na CO + H O 2 2 3 2":
1 NH + OH 3 2 4"''"The hydroxide ions make the"'"solution alkaline.":
1 KHSO + H O "'" 2 4 4 2"''"When one mole of potassium"'"hydroxide reacts with one mole of sulphuric acid, only one of the hydrogens of the acid is"'"replaced by potassium ions.":
1 K + e":
1 H SO"'" 2 3 2 4"''"However, it is not true of all acids."''"Hydrochloric acid is made by"'"dissolving hydrogen chloride"'"gas (HCl) in water.":
1 H SO"'" 2 2 2 3"''"The sulphurous acid ionises to give hydrogen and sulphite ions:"'',"+ 2-"'" H SO
1 H CO "'" 2 2 2 3"''"Carbon dioxide also reacts with and neutralises bases, for"'"example, with sodium hydroxide solution:"''" CO + 2NaOH
1 CuSO + H O 2 4 4 2"''"
1 Cu + H O"'" 2 2"''"Copper (II) oxide is
1 Cu + H O"'" 2 2":
1 Br + 2e"'" 2":
1 4K + 4e":
1 2O"'" 2"''"The electrons come from the"'"potassium, which is oxidised."'" + -"'" 4K
1 2I"'" 2"''"In the reaction between iodine and zinc, the iodine molecules
1 2I"'" 2"
1 2H + SO"'" 2 3 3"''"The hydrogen ions make the"'"solution acidic.":
1 2Cl"'" 2"'"
1 2 3 2 2":
1 H + Cl"
1 Fe + e"''"The electrons are taken by the chlorine, which acts as an"'"oxidising agent.":
1 CH CO + H"'" 3 2 3 2":
1 "'" Silver
1 "'" Iron "'" Lead "'"
1
1